The Age of Reformation Essay -- essays research papers

The Age of Reformation The Age of Reformation - phantasmal revolution in Western Europe in the 16th cent. theme as a reform movement within the papistical Catholic Church, the Reformation ultimately led to freedom of dissent. The preparation for the movement was languish and there had been earlier calls for reform, e.g., by John WYCLIF and John HUSS. Desire for commute within the church was increased by the RENAISSANCE, with its study of ancient texts and tenseness on the individual. Other factors that aided the movement were the invention of printing, the rise of job and a middle class, and political conflicts between German princes and the Holy Roman emperor. The Reformation began suddenly when Martin LUTHER posted 95 theses on the church door at Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. Open attack on the doctrines and authority of the church followed and led to Luthers breach with the church (1520), which the Diet of Worms (1521) failed to heal. His doctrine was of justification by faith alone instead of by sacraments, good works, and meditation, and it placed a person in direct communication with God. Luthers insistence on class period the Bible placed on the individual a greater responsibility for his own salvation. The new church spread in Germany and Scandinavia, especially among princes and heap who hoped for a greater degree of freedom. The conflict between the Lutherans and the Catholic emperor moth CHARLES V was long and bitter. A temporary settlement was reached at the serenity of Augsburg (1555), but continued discord contributed later to the THIRTY YEARS WAR. outdoors Germany, a different type of dissent developed under Huldreich ZWINGLI in Zurich, and within Protestantism differences arose, such as doctrinal arguments on the Lords Supper. These were debated, inconclusively, at the chat of Marburg (1529) by Luther and Philip MELANCHTHON on one side and Zwingli and Johannes Oecolampadius on the other. More basal ideas were spread, particula rly among the lower classes, by such leaders as CARLSTADT, doubting Thomas MUNZER, and JOHN OF LEIDEN. In 1536 Geneva became the center for the teachings of John CALVIN, perhaps the greatest theologian of Protestantism. In France the HUGUENOTS, fired by Calvins doctrine, resisted the Catholic majority in the Wars of RELIGION (1562-98). Calvinism superseded Lutheranism in the Netherlands, and it spread to Scotland through the eff... ...ermany and Switzerland, but his views, particularly around the TRINITY, were condemned by both Roman Catholics and Protestants. He fled to France, where he gained fame in medicine. by and by he had a work on theology secretly printed (1553), the hunt moved against him. He escaped from prison, but he was seized in Geneva, on John Calvins order, and tried and burned there.Peace of Augsburg - September 1555- do the division of Christendom permanent. This agreement recognized a law that had already been salutary established and in practice cuius regio , eius religio, meaning that the ruler of the land would witness the religion of the land.Mary I ( r. 1553-1558) became Queen of England- procceded to restore Catholic doctrine and practice with a singlemindedness that rivaled that of her father.Berninis Ecstasy of St. Theresa - Bernini (1598-1680) Italian sculptor and architect, the dominant physical body of the Italian BAROQUE. His Roman works include the Churches of Santa Maria della Vittoria which houses his great grave the Ecstasy of St. Theresa.The "Black Legend" - (Bartolome de Las Casas) portrayed all Spanish interposition to Indians as unprincipled and inhumane.