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Critics of consequentialism EssayThe paper discusses virtuous consequentialism and evaluates its animadversions. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine implores us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the virtuously wrong put to work. The nature of this criticism originates from the widely accepted vision of consequentialism as withal bailable and too demanding. The detailed analysis of the philosophical and honorable assumptions renders a conclusion that twain the permissiveness and demandingness of incorrupt consequentialism argon well-fixed to argue and heretofore deny.Whether clean-living consequentialism requires individuals to do what seems to be the morall(a)y wrong act views on how they interpret these acts and in what conditions these acts are to adjudge place. Briefly, this paper turns moral consequentialism into a conjunction of highly relative and indispensable norms/ standards which change their meaning a nd leave no get on for heading judgments. Keywords moral consequentialism, permissiveness, demandingness, moral, philosophy. Moral Consequentialism Through bulge its history, philosophy was continuously centered on the twain major sides of the moral argument deontological and utilitarian.Most of the time, philosophers found themselves torn betwixt the sine qua non to follow the basic rules of the moral maneuver and the lead to achieve the greatest safe(p) for the greatest come up of people. Today, deontology and utilitarianism/ consequentialism represent the two distinct lines of philosophic thinking and create a vision of continuous philosophic disintegration. Moral consequentialism is, probably, the major topic of the philosophic discussion and the principal object of philosophic criticism.Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. This criticism grows from th e two most important philosophic assumptions to the highest degree the permissiveness and excessive (almost extremist) demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the detailed analysis of these arguments renders a conclusion that both assumptions are easy to deny as a result, whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to perform acts that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves evaluate their actions and conditions in which these actions take place.Moral Consequentialism A Flawed Theory of the Greatest Good Moral consequentialism argues that the destiny to publicise the greatest good for the greatest name of people is the only moral itemor that counts in the decisions, which individuals testament take for or against finicky acts (Kagan, 1998). The consequences of all(prenominal) particular(prenominal) action serve the basic cadence for judging its moral appropriateness. Contrary to deontology, which promotes and emphasizes the importance of ru les and norms/ standards an individual is to follow, consequentialism seems to disregard these rules and sacrifices them for the interest group of consequences.For this reason, moral consequentialism often effects the capital object of philosophic criticism. Despite the relevance and importance of moral consequentialism in philosophy, its principles and assumptions are not without their flaws. more than often than not, moral consequentialism is being criticized for the lack of adequate moral reasoning and the growing relativity of moral norms and standards, which individuals use to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people.McLean and Ellrod (1992) argue that consequentialism is hardly a feasible form of practical reasoning and calls into question the moral significance of its results (p. 171). The problem with consequentialism is in that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people by all possible means fails to do full justice to th e ad hominem character of the moral duty (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Consequentialism often makes no difference who is to set about the supreme good and who is to become its beneficiary, while this difference is increasingly important and must count in any kind of moral judgments (McLean Ellrod, 1992).In this sense, consequentialism seems to operate in the atmosp here(predicate) of the misplaced emphases and distorted views regarding moral philosophy, because ethics is inherently soulfulnessal and must focus on ones moral identity. Consequentialism, however, denies the relevance of personal morality against the importance of the public good. The second problem with consequentialism is its functionality and its ability to lead individuals to the best moral conclusions. That consequentialism makes it strong to arrive to objectively practical judgments is often considered as one of its major flaws (McLean Ellrod, 1992).Here, the two basic problems become obvious. First, the growin g relativity of the moral norms and standards deny us an opportunity to judge what the maximum good for the greatest majority is and how we are to achieve it. Second, this very relativity of norms creates a number of conflicts in the process of choosing between several permissible alternatives whether individuals are to choose the greatest good or the least evil is some early(a) take of philosophic argument (McLead Ellrod, 1992).However, even if these flaws are important and deserve direction, they only shape the pedestal for the profound philosophic analysis of consequentialism and its philosophic criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. In this sense, two essential elements of moral consequentialism require attention its overall permissiveness and moral demandingness.Critics of moral consequentialism plead the latter doctrine to be too permissive wi th regard to the acts and judgments individuals can make to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Others are confident(p) that moral consequentialism imposes extreme (and even extremist) moral requirements on people, and they have but to comply with these requirements to maximize good for the greatest number of people. Moral consequentialism implies that individuals leave have to overstep their moral convictions and perform acts that are intuitively wrong. The following sections analyze these two assumptions in more detail.Moral Consequentialism Permissiveness and the Subjectivity of Judgments Critics of moral consequentialism claim that the latter doctrine may require individuals to do what seems the intuitively immoral act. In other words, moral consequentialism provides individuals with the absolute freedom to choose between acts which, although morally inacceptable, still lead them to achieve or to maximize the public good. Because moral consequentialism accepts an inappropriately short list of normative factors, it permits acts that are not in fact morally permissible. In short, consequentialism permits too much (Kagan, 1984). For example, individuals may choose between chargeing a person and letting a person die simply because a murder or a finish exit save the lives of ten other people. Always immoral and intuitively wrong, the act of murder here is an excellent example of the permissiveness which moral consequentialism promotes and defends. To make the berth more comprehensible, it is interesting to refer to the shield of dump which Kagan (1998) describes in his book Normative Ethics.Kagan (1998) describes the case of the quint patients, each of whom faces equal chances to die unless he can timely obtain an organ transplant. According to Kagan (1998), one patient needs a heart, two other patients need kidneys, one patient needs new lungs, and the fifth patient is in need for a new liver. Because of medical problems and b ecause their tissues are incompatible, these tail fin patients can hardly become donors for each other (Kagan, 1998). Yet, there is Chuck, a young man who comes to the hospital for a regular medical observation and has all organs necessary for the five patients to survive (Kagan, 1998).A sawbones thus faces a dilemma to dash score Chuck and to use his organs or to leave Chuck alive and to let the five patients die. This is the case which emphasizes the inherent permissiveness of moral consequentialism. Moral consequentialism justifies the decision to kill Chuck for the sake of saving the lives of the five patients. In case of killing Chuck, the surgeon go out, most likely, achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people one does not need sophisticated knowledge of mathematics to understand that five lives are more than one.Regardless of the immoral character of murder, the holy goal of saving five lives will overweigh the disgusting act of murdering one single person. This is where consequentialism justifies an act which seems to be intuitively wrong but which, nevertheless, helps individuals to achieve the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. The question is, however, in whether moral consequentialism is always permissible and morally blur and whether the assumption about the moral permissiveness of consequentialism is always objective and justified.It appears that whenever individuals engage in activities that seem intuitively wrong but help them to achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people, all they need is to reconsider and reframe the conditions in which these actions take place, to make them meet the basic requirements of morality. For example, the surgeon may find out that all Chucks organs are perfectly healthy and fit all five patients in this way, he will meet the maximum benefit requirement (Kagan, 1998).The surgeon may kill Chuck secretly, to make his death look like the result of medical complication s in this way, he will avoid difficulties associated with the fact of murder (Kagan, 1998). Finally, the surgeon may pretend that the results of Chucks routine medical examination require immediate surgical intervention and that the life of Chuck is under threat Chucks murder will thus look like a moral obligation the surgeon had to fulfill to save Chuck from physical suffering. If that is the case, the surgeons decision to kill Chuck will no longer seem intuitively wrong, and moral consequentialism will no longer look too permissive.The question is in whether it is worth killing one healthy person to save the lives of the five patients who, callable to their health condition, will still die very soon. What are the chances that the look on of their five lives will overweigh the value of Chucks life? These are the questions which one can answer only in particular circumstances and conditions. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts that seem to be morally wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what particular conditions these actions take place.Moral Consequentialism, Demandingness, and the Value of Denial Critics argue that in particular conditions, moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts which seem to be morally wrong. This criticism originates from the assumption that moral consequentialism is inherently demanding and imposes too many moral obligations on individuals, even if the former go against the basic moral principles and individual convictions. pieceually, moral demandingness of consequentialism is the notorious topic of discussion.Critics of consequentialism assume that moral consequentialism obligates people to make sacrifices that go beyond the limits of commonsense morality (Baier, 1958). For example, societies tend to believe that rich and better off society members are morally obliged to bound up a share of their wealth to support those in need. Other s are confident that, under the entice of consequentialism, individuals must make the largest possible contribution to the overall good regardless of the sacrifice such a contribution may incur (Kagan, 1984).Kagan (1984) even claims that there is no limit to the sacrifices that morality can require and agents are never permitted to favor their own interests at the expense of the greater good (p. 239). Mulgan (2001) calls these claims as extremist and admits that at times the overall demandingness of moral consequentialism will make individuals perform acts that seem morally wrong. In his book The Demands of Consequentialism, Tim Mulgan (2001) provides a short tale Clare, Amy, and loading dock are sitting in the living room when a space alien enters their apartment in the striving to devour Clare (p. 154).The only way the companionship can save Clare from the tragedy is to cut away Amys tree branch and to throw it into the alien (Mulgan, 2001). The act will distract the alien and will give Clare more time to escape meanwhile, bobsleigh will find his weapons and will vaporize the newcomer (Mulgan, 2001). For Amy, who is to sacrifice her arm to save the lives of her friends, the decision will, naturally, seem inacceptable and intuitively wrong. However, because this is the only way for her to save the life of Clare and to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people, Amy will be pressured by the moral requirement to sacrifice her arm.The moral unacceptability of the decision to whoop off Amys arm will become even more obvious in case Bob is the one to make it for her. If Amy is not obliged to sacrifice her arm but is only permitted to do so, Bob can readily become the one responsible for the mission of cutting off Amys arm and saving his company from the alien. Mulgan (2001) recognizes that in this case, Bob is allowed to chop Amys arm, to save his own and the life of Clare, even if this act seems morally wrong to him.In this case, the deman dingness of moral consequentialism will reach the point, where individuals have the right to labour other individuals to make sacrifices if they decide to pause from such actions (Mulgan, 2001). Here, moral consequentialism becomes both permissive and demanding, and makes individuals engage in actions which seem to be intuitively wrong. Again, the extent to which this sacrifice is suboptimal is difficult to define. Whether the decision to chop off Amys arm is intuitively wrong will depend on a number of circumstances.It will depend on how the person himself judges his own actions and decisions. For example, there is always a distinction between subjective expectations and objective probabilities that particular actions will lead to specific consequences (Mulgan, 2001). Bob may believe that his decision to chop off Amys arm will cause her unbearable pain and will thus refrain from cutting off her arm. In reality, however, Amy may accept the need to get rid of her arm for the sake o f saving the lives of her friends.In a similar vein, Bob may choose to interpret the decision to chop off Amys arm as the action with the lowest probability to cause harm to Clare and which besides causes the least evil compared with other alternatives. Based on whether Bob views his decisions as the greatest good or the least evil, moral consequentialism will look more or less demanding. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place.Conclusion In broad terms, moral consequentialism claims that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in judging the righteousness and moral acceptability of each particular action. Critics often argue that moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions which are morally wrong. The nature of t his criticism originates from the assumptions about the excessive permissiveness and demandingness of moral consequentialism.However, the current analysis confirms that whether moral consequentialism pushes individuals to perform actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Despite relative demandingness and permissiveness, moral consequentialism always leaves much room for subjectivity and provides individuals with an opportunity to change their opinions and the opinions of others about the moral character of their actions and decisions. ReferencesBaier, K. (1958). The moral point of view A rational basis of ethics. Ithaca Cornell University Press. Kagan, S. (1984). Does consequentialism demand too much? Recent work on the limits of obligation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 13(3), 239-254. Kagan, S. (1998). Normative ethics. Colorado Westview Press. McLean, G. F. Ellrod, F. E. (1992). Philosophical foundations for moral education and character development Act and agent. CRVP. Mulgan, T. (2001). The demands of consequentialism. Oxford University Press.