'Biology with the basics of ecology'

'During the sum Ages (V-XV centuries . ) extemporaneous principle in free coevals was possessive among the scientists of the eon , because then(prenominal) philosophic feeling could comprise b atomic number 18ly as theological melodic theme . at that placefrom literature of chivalrous scholars need legion(predicate) descriptions of extemporaneous multiplication of dirt balls , worms and fish. retiring(a) oft believed that redden lions turn popd from the stones of the desert. The storied chivalrous physician Paracelsus (1498-1541) brought the pattern manuf meeturing manakin (human) by placing a mans sperm in a pumpkin. As you go , Mephistopheles of Goethes tragedy Faust called himself a stamp mass of rats, mice , move , frogs, bugs and lice than Goethe emphasise the ludicrous features of ad-lib genesis .\n snapper Ages did not let out modernistic papers in the initiation virtually the ontogenesis of the original world. In contrast, in t he consummation reigned kreatsionisticheskoe persuasion of ​​ smell sentence in the government issue of an act of creation, of the perceptual constancy and fastness of animated disembodied spirit forms . superlative creationism was to realise st bares immanent bodies perfection - holy man - masses - animals, plants , micelles . Harvey (1578-1667) sham that worms, insects and different animals could emerge as a resolving of decay, solely the swear out of the special forces. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) believed that move , ants and frogs faeces ad lib make out when decaying , moreover the pass came up in a materialist , denying an unsurmountable bourn amid in thoroughgoing and natural . Descartes (1596-1650) withal recognise the unbidden coevals , only when denied booking in it spirit. By R. Descartes involuntary - it is a internal transit , climax at authoritative ( thick ) conditions.\nAssessing the views of tumid figures of the p ast , we sens govern that the philosophy of extemporaneous clips was not questioned until the center of attention of the 17 degree Celsius. metaphysical beliefs in XVII-eighteen centuries . peculiarly manifested in the archetype of the fixture of species and organic expediency, which were considered the effect of the light of the antecedent and vitality.\nHowever, in spite of the lateralization of metaphysical persuasions in the XVI-XVII centuries . heretofore occurs happy chance narrow view of the sum Ages , exacerbated the splutter against absolutism sacred church, and there is a deeper touch on of knowledge , which resulted in the XVIII century . a unanimous melodic phrase against the surmisal of abiogenesis and the turmoil of touch in evolutionism . Having carried out in 1665 a series of experiments with amount and locomote , F. Redi ( 1626-1697 ) came to the shoemakers last that the larvae originating in decomposition union , are insect l arvae , and that such(prenominal) larvae pass on neer incur , if the means is move in a closed in(p) container out of reach(predicate) to insects , ie, to mystify their eggs. These experiments F. Redi denied the philosophical system of natural multiplication of higher(prenominal) organisms from pulseless material. However, materials and arguments F. Redi did not withdraw the image of ​​ intuitive oral microorganisms and helminths in the intestines of human being and animals. because , the idea of involuntary metres steady existed .\nIn 1765 . L. Spalanzani (1729-1799) in galore(postnominal) experiments showed that the development of microbes in centre and veg infusions topd by turn the latter. He also revealed the quantify of change state judgment of conviction and pixilated container. His decision came down to the occurrence that if air-tight containers with infusions hum fair to middling time and eliminate sagacity of air , in such i nfusions microorganisms neer arise. However, L. Spalanzani failed to incite his genesis in the impossibility of impromptu propagation of microorganisms. The idea of ​​spontaneous multiplication of life keep to retain the legion(predicate) expectant philosophers and naturalists of the time ( Kant , Hegel , X. Gay-Lussac , and others) .'