Voting Personnel in India Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1197 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? THE INDIAN ARMY: ITS VOTING RIGHTS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quartered in snow, silent to remain. When the bugle calls, they shall rise and march again.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The scroll of honour at the Siachen base camp. INTRODUCTION: The history of the Indian armed forces can be traced back in the history of the formation of the independent country India. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Voting Personnel in India Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order It was the only large voluntary organisation including people of varied profession to help in the liberation of the country from the hands of the British, who had made us they slave. The motto of the Indian Army is DO OR DIE, has actually helped the soldiers to be persistent in their effort against the enemies who have intruded into the country for any purpose from the ancient times to the Mughal and to the coming of East India Company. The Indian National Movement gave a push to the people of the country and their came up with the concept of Azad Hind Fauj or The Indian National Army by Subhash Chandra Bose which marked the stone for the formation of Indian Armed Forces. But it was originally founded by Captain Mohan Singh in Singapore in September 1942. During this time soldiers were recruited from various parts of the country that is from the Himalayas to the oceans and from the deserts to the extreme east in order to have collection of soldiers in the army to help the country to attain the much awaited independence.[1] A separate fauj was made for the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s named Rani Jhansi Regimentled by Lakshmi Swaminathan. At the rally of Indian National Army in Burma the famous words of Bose were spoken à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [2] After 15th august 1947, the Indian Army got its own foundation rather than being under the British regime. Today, it has got its own soldiers full of armaments and various technologies to combat the enemies and intruders in the country. It has various regiments such as Punjab, Sikh Li, Sikh, Assam Riffles and many more with their own mens divided into platoons, battalion and units. The main purpose of the research paper would be to focus on the voting rights of the military personal. By first talking about the defects of the pervious voting system (Proxy voting and Ballot voting), the current scenario regarding their voting rights, the latest judgement provided by the Supreme court on their voting and suggesting some measures to have uniformity on their voting. RIGHT TO VOTE: India is a secular country with varied population, thus citizens have to be provided with certain rights and one of the most pivotal is RIGHT TO VOTE. What is right? Right is the privilege given to a citizen of a country irrespective of any kind of discrimination. Thus, our country provides a fundamental right to its citizen that is the right to vote in order to grab the opinions of the mass regarding a particular candidate or party. This right is provided to us in the form of universal adult franchise which means that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Every adult above the age of 18years or above has the right to vote.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The people of India have declared their sovereignty and have proclaimed India as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"democratic stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the preamble to the Constitution of India. Supreme Court of India has laid down that democracy i s a basic feature of the Constitution and therefore beyond the amending powers of the Parliament.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] [4] In the words of Thomas M. Cooley who rightly observed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“suffrage is participation in the Government in representative country, it is taking part on the choice of officers, or in the decisions of public questions. The purpose is to keep the continuity of Government, and to preserve the public order and the protection of individual rights. The purpose is therefore public and general not private and individual.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] Article 326 of the Indian Constitution : Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.-The elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage; that is to say, every person who is a citizen of India and who is not less than eighteen years of age on such date as may be fixed in that behalf by or under any law made by the appropriate Legislature and is not otherwise disqualified under this Constitution or any law made by the appropriate Legislature on the ground of non-residence, unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice, shall be entitled to be registered as a voter at any such election under 62nd amendment.[6] This is the legal provision and thus, everyone is entitled to it. But the scenario is that the military personnel are not provided this. But instead a different provision is provided to them, Proxy voting and Ballot system. PROXY VOTING: This provision is provided to some set of person besides the regular voting rights to citizen of the country. Service voters have been defined under section (8) of section 20 of representation of people act, 1950. One of them is armed personnel under sub section (a) and (b).[7] Under Rule 27/N of Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 a service elector may appoint any person as his proxy to give v ote on his behalf and in his name. The proxy shall have to be ordinarily resident of that constituency. He must not be disqualified to be registered as voter. [8]Thus, they are can appoint a proxy voter for themselves as their cannot vote at the place of their posting. Therefore, proxy voting means an appoint of a proxy of age 18 years and above, to cast the vote of the armed personnel, this is possible by the Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Representative Act amended in 2003. The appointment is made by Form 13F, the appointment continues till the proxy dies or it is revoked. Thus, a new proxy can be appointed by the Form 13G. [9] POSTAL BALLOT SYSTEM: This provision is give under part III of the conduct of Election Rules, 1961. The service voters other than the ones who have registered for proxy voting, can register for postal system. In this system the voters have to cast their vote in ballot papers, who must fill them out and return them, along with a for m of certification by a witness and their signature to prove their identity and send it to the concerned constituencies to which they belong before the votes are counted, there is a relaxation of 10 days in this process, so that these masses can exercise their right in a positive way rather than neglecting this right and duty.[10][11] [1] https://www.preservearticles.com/201012271757/the-azad-hind-fauj.html [2] https://www.sankalpindia.net/drupal/formation-indian-national-army [3] Keshavanandha Bharathi v State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461 [4] S R Bommai v Union of India,AIR 1994 SC 1918 [5] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1627236/ [6] https://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend61.htm [7] https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ServiceVoter_2122013.pdf [8] https://ceodelhi.gov.in/Content/Servicevoters.aspx [9] https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/forms/FORM13FG.pdf [10] https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/ECI_Instructions/ins_211008.pdf [11] https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/ECI_Instructions/ins010409k.pdf

The Theory Of Domestic Violence Essay - 1070 Words

Our existence can be illustrated by envisioning a painter who is fabricating a painting. As the painter begins to use the soft brush, its thistles with each movement construct systems and subsystems that are elaborately woven together to display biased perception of ourselves. Consequently, a misguided stroke may alter an exceptional piece of art turning it into a catastrophe. Regrettably, this metaphor unveils the misfortune that can occur in the lives of numerous individuals. Comparatively, like the painter who can be consumed by adversity, a victim of domestic violence with one misstep can eradicate his/her own life. Domestic Violence is a human tragedy, and has been a part of life for many individuals. It is not subjective to a particular group, race, or culture. Historically, the feminist movement preserved the theory that domestic violence is a growing matter because of the continuous power differential between the male gender and the female gender. Remarkably, this approach on domestic disputes unveiled the inner workings of barriers men, women, and children would face when in a domestic violence situation. The feminist theory emphasizes on studying â€Å"the gendered nature of all relationships†¦which aims at understanding how gender is related to social inequalities and oppression† (Marsigila Kulis, 2015, p. 148). Disastrously, an ignorant notion that once dominated our culture was the belief that emotional agony was less painful than physical brutality. However,Show MoreRelatedSocial Conflict Theory : The Sociological Theories Of Domestic Violence1753 Words   |  8 Pagespeople have or are experiencing is domestic violence. Sociologist use various social theories to help explain the reasons behind domestic violence. For instance, social conflict theory states that domestic violence happens when one person in the relationship has more resources than the other making them feel belittled and causing them to want to harm the partner who is well off. As for structural functionalism theories propose that women are usually affected by domestic abuse when they hold a role inRead MorePsychological and Sociological Theories of Domestic Violence Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a crime that occurs regularly within the United States. It claims millions of victims each year. There is not a specific cause to establish why domestic violence occurs. However, it has been documented that domestic violence is a product of physical, emotional, sexual, psychological, and any other forms of torture or torment that the particular abuser wishes to employ to gain control or power over their victims (Gosselin, 2005). Due to the complexity of this crime, many criminologistsRead MoreCognitive Theory And Ego Psychology With Young Domestic Violence Victims1280 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom birth. Originally, in psychoanalytic theory, Freud believed that the ego was â€Å"derived from the need to reconcile drives within th e constraints of social living† (Hutchison, 2015, p. 132). Now, ego psychologists view the ego as being present from the time of birth. In comparison to cognitive theory, ego psychologists believe that there are developmental stages in which the ego goes through. While it is true that the ego does not need to be learned in order to be in existence, it does haveRead MoreDomestic Violence : The United States Department Of Justice1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdepartment of Justice (2015) defines domestic violence as a â€Å"pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used to by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner†. Domestic violence occurs in every culture, country, and age group. It affects individuals from all socioeconomic, educational, religious backgrounds, and occurs in both same-sex and heterosexual relationships. For this paper I will take a look at how domestic violence affects marriages. I will exploreRead M oreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence, also labeled as family violence and intimate-partner violence, is psychological, physical and sexual violence that takes place within home environment. Adults and children can both be victims. Domestic violence is a major human rights issue across the world, and one of New Zealand’s most serious social issues. One in three women in Aotearoa will experience an abusive relationship, with many more coming dangerously close. Reason Domestic violences occurs when the abuser wantingRead MoreDomestic Violence : The United States Department Of Justice1741 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a single act or a pattern of cruel acts in any relationship that a partner uses to get or keep power and control over another partner. The violence can be sexual, physical, economic, emotional, or psychological actions or threats of actions that impacts another person. Any actions that manipulate, intimidate, isolate, humiliate, terrorize, frighten, threaten, coerce, hurt, blame, wound, or injure someone can be domestic violence (The United States Department of Justice). OtherRead MoreEssay about CJA 314 WEEK 4 CHILD EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE987 Words   |  4 Pages Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Child exposure to domestic violence has become the modern trend, which is happening way too often in many homes throughout the world today. Child exposure to domestic violence makes the exposed child to physiological indent to violence. Domestic violence is treated with consequences for violating the law. The crime can be considered a personal crime with traumatic psychological anxiety for the viewers ofRead MoreImplications Of Domestic Abuse On Women1036 Words   |  5 PagesImplications of Domestic Abuse on Women In a broad sense, domestic abuse is a set of problems related to family violence. Domestic violence is characterized by a pattern of violent or abusive behavior by one person in a domestic context against another, such as in a marriage or cohabitation (Paul, 2004). Domestic abuse can negatively affect anyone in any culture, age, race, and gender. Intimate partner violence is a type of violence that falls under domestic violence (Roberts, 2008). Other typesRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1745 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic Violence in Literature Domestic violence entails transgressions that tend to exhibit regular occurrence worldwide. Domestic violence is substantially attributable to the psychological, physical, mental, and sexual forms of suffering or anguish. Domestic violence further refers to the family violence or spousal abuse that defines the evident pattern of violent behaviors executed by one spouse to the other in the close affiliations that include courtships, matrimony, family, or individualsRead MoreThe Postmodern Theory Of Narrative Therapy Interventions1594 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the postmodern theory, a person’s perceived reality is a social construct that is influenced by social and political discourses (Cummins, Sevel, Pedrick, 2012). Postmodernist focus on these discourses because it is believed that our realities are shaped by language, both verbal and written communication (Chang Nylund, 2013). Thus, postmodernism hypothesizing that since reality can be constructed by society, it ca n also be reconstructed or reframed using language. A major interventions

Issues Related to Discipline & Favouritism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about Issues Related to Discipline And Favouritism. Answer: Introduction On studying the organisational internal and external environment different HR issues have come up, which was a result of poor management. In the present organization, the issue that is the major cause of concern is the Disciplinary issue. Discipline is something that becomes the root of every issue if not followed adequately. Due to the lack of discipline in the company the relationship of employer-employee and employee-employee is highly affected, changes are not inculcated appropriately and therefore no innovation takes place and if somebody is dedicated towards the work they are also demotivated and if the manager supports such hard working candidate then it is named as biasness and strategies against the employee are made instead of constructing the business strategy to benefit the company and the staff as well (Kehoe Wright, 2013). The favouritism with concern to police department is that in such an organisation very strict norms and discipline are been followed and biasness should not be supported but due to poor management the partial behaviour is encouraged that lead to the conflicting situation. It results in lack of discipline as the fovored police officers do not work properly in the organization. High inconsistency is there and in police the officers need to work in adverse situation as well thus with that concern adaptability to change has to be there but as per the current scenario the organisation is not resistant to change and the staff do not accept challenges as they had to work hard and entire routine gets changed. The discipline is must in an organisation but in the particular company bond among the team is not there which curbs the innovation because ideas are not exchanged among the employees. The new senior sergeant create a transparent organization cuture which will create discipline amog the police officers and remove the favouritism. Addressing the problem Leadership qualities The leaders should be good communicator and influencer who inspire the peers and subordinate to work harder so as to achieve the predetermined goals (Ortmeier Meese, 2010). To be a good leader, there are variety of qualities that had to be there so that people trust them and come up with their issues with the faith to get the things resolved. The leader should consist of ample amount of knowledge in context of the working of an organisation and quickly grasp the changes, they are adventurous and like to accept the challenges by treating it as an opportunity and inculcate efforts to achieve the objective. The leader should be confident enough to face the dynamism and boost up the employees morale and motivate them to accept the changes. For this appropriate training should be rendered to the employees in order to improve and revise the qualities that employee already possesses but not actually used. The leader should analyse and understand the situation and made it easy for the employees to fight with the similar issues (Arneson, 2008). Focus is the vital point that the military person should always have. The leader needs to have focussed target and set a high vision so that the subordinate and team perceive the same and admirer should adopt the similar approach (Shields et al, 2015). The issues that has been identified is staff support, if the goal is made clear and work is divided among the team the leader could monitor the working easily and observe the way in which the members deal with one another and mutually solve the issues without conveying it to leader. In order to achieve the set goal the focus has to be there (Lynch, 2005). For the military organisation discipline is the most important thing that needs to be there. Discipline is the one of the key to the success as in order to achieve the objective plan has to make and blueprint should be constructed. Since the staff support is not there, thus, the goals are not efficiently achieved and to effectively attain the objective the discipline has to be there and with the support of employees, using their valuable ideas, opinions and suggestions innovative acts could be initiated and adverse situation could be turned in other way round using creativity. Discipline helps in solving the conflicts as the set procedure of grievance redressal is set within the organisation which could be consulted of situation get worsened up (Meese Ortmeier, 2010). Enforcing discipline is challenging to the manager as motivation and discipline are at the opposite end of the management spectrum. The managers should be focus on implementing disciplinary measures along with motivation techniques. The manager should create a balance between the rewards and the corrective actions to increase the performance of the employees. Discipline can be achieved by setting small-term goals for the employees. With mental goals, the employee can be self-motivated to meet the deadlines and adhere by the organizations policies. The disciplinary action are also necessary to acknowledge the employees, which behaviour are unacceptable in the company and result in termination from the organization. There should be provision of escalation warning as the employees should be aware that their workplace behaviour is noted and monitored. The supervisor can initiate with a verbal warning in private and discuss the issues and consequences of each action. The employees should be discussed if there in an organizational issue or personal issue, which is hampering their performance. The workplace problems are long-term issues; therefore, a written warning should be sent, if the verbal warning is not impacting the performance of the employees. It is essence that repairs all the situation, in context of the military organisation and the officer view positivity has to be there and this is much needed at the time when external changes have been inculcated the company has to face those challenges and handle the things accordingly. In the particular organisation it is observed that employees are not resistant to change and they do not believe in newness and just follows the predetermined format that has once been set (Nahavandi, 2016). The senior sergeant has to train the employees for the upcoming changes that are previously known thus the solution to it is ready to implement and the employees should be prepared for the uncertain changes as well so that they could accept the changes that took place and accept it as an opportunity. For this the senior sergeant need to learn about dynamism and then motivate the employees and making things confortable to them and boosting them up to fill the energy (Northouse, 2015). Discussion on the issues identified In the above analysis, it has been identified that there are disciplinary issues in the organization and some employees are given favouritism over others. Therefore, it is important to enhance the disciplinary action in the organization. To render better discipline within the organisation there is an immense need to conduct the training session and accordingly help the employee to understand the organisational environment and behave in the specific and well-defined manner. In order to ensure growth in the organisation the primary thing that is necessary is to maintain the discipline within the company. The strictness and morality helps in maintaining and adhering to the organisational norms and regulations (Beto Corbett, 2007). Due to such command over the policies the performance of employee increases and the workforce commitment improves. Such a discipline provides the sense of safety among the employees and commitment towards the organisation enhances with the increase in honest atmosphere at the workplace. Certain factors and strategies that could be applied for the development of the organisation and self-improvement of the employees include the following. The discipline is crucial thing that need to be carried out in the organisation and this should be involved in the behaviour of the employees so that better working could be initiated. Not only are the employees abided by the disciplinary actions this needs to be followed by every candidate in the organisation. Even the manager should start carrying it so that the subordinates could imitate it and trend gets set and this might turn out into the habit (Bryman, 2013). For the efficient leader it is of high importance to include discipline in their behaviour and by this it is meant that they need to be patient and hear to the employees grievance calmly and patiently and give the staff opportunity of being heard and accordingly both the sides need to be evaluated and compared to reach to the final and fair decision. The leader and the manager are treated as the role model for the employees thus they should stick to the policies of the organisation and maintain the soberness in the organi sational environment (Magers, 2004). This is not only essential for the betterment of the internal environment but the discipline followed gets reflected through work in the external environment as well. Regarding the scenario situation, such a conduct is necessary and accordingly the knowledge should be imparted to the employees and they need to be motivated to perform and behave in the defined manner as this will increase the staff relations and ensure the organisational development (Cummings Worley, 2014). Discipline is connected with the increasing efficiency as well. When the discipline is focussed the work planning becomes better and accordingly the dynamism that is about to occur in the upcoming times could be patiently handled to derive profit out of it or at least such measures should be initiated that the loss could be prevented and business could attain the break-even point (Aras Crowther, 2016). Also with the discipline organisational relations gets rejuvenated and this improvise the working of the employees and thereby resulting in increasing efficiency of the employees towards the organisational activity. By efficiency it is meant that the tasks allotted should be accomplished within the given timeline and for that the better planning need to be conducted and the objective need to made clear in the mind and accordingly the set Performa should be followed to achieve the concern targets. Also just for the sake to complete the work timely the quality cannot be compromised, the efficiency is measured using the fact that the employee delivers their best and stay conscious about the quality and timeline (Richey Klein, 2014). The uniqueness has to be maintained as well so to maintain the interest in the work and feel connected with the organisation. This also promotes the team work as well by conducting the meets and demonstrating the staff to accomplish goal in the defined manner. Along with the timelines the quality standards must also be explained so that issue with the quality could be avoided and satisfying the employees along with the customers. To achieve the innovation and adding the creativity in the work basic concentration is highly required as only the focussed person could think of different ideas and increase the efficiency. Also, time management should be there which the prime requirement of discipline is and increase the efficiency, the things need to be in the predetermined sequence and follow the order in which it was designed and made to be accomplished (Mowday, Porter Steers, 2013). To achieve the goals and reduce the conflicts that are likely to take place in the an organisation the atmosphere should stay calm and peaceful so that the employees feel committed and job satisfaction is gained that motivates the employee to perform better and reduce the issues like partial behaviour and make employee adaptable to the dynamic environment. When the environment is peaceful the value of the activities and organisational structure is gained and efforts are made to improvise the scenario (Smither, Houston Mclntire, 2016). When any defined conditions are not there the management faces the huge difficulty and situation of unrest start to occur, it becomes the tough task for the management to handle all the employees in such an uncertain situation. At that time the peaceful environment help to deal with the situation and mutual understanding is collected which results in better coordination and cooperation thus building the bond with the staff. With the help of discipline the peaceful environment could be maintained and such the decent atmosphere encourages the workers to input all their efforts and encourages better management and thus building up the healthy organisational relations (Biermann, 2017). When the environment is peaceful and supportive the employee engage themselves and with the soothing working environment it becomes easy for the staff to comfortably work in such an environment with the required efficiency. Also with the good environment is created when fair treatment is encouraged. This resolves the problem of favouritism and initiates the unbiased working situation where the staff support is also gained and the healthy competition prevails which is beneficial for the organisation along with the employee themselves (Naylor, Pritchard Ilgen, 2013). When there occurs the situation that workload is there and the employee is burdened with the working and much pressure is there yet the uneasiness is not there as the staff support clarifies all the things and with the motivating words an employee could comfortably work harder. In such a disciplined environment the positivity gets reflected in the organisation and it affects the performance of the employees. The studies s tates that discipline and fairness are the important factor and plays a vital role in the behaviour which led to uniformity in the performance (Owoyemi Ekwoaba, 2014). Every organisation seeks for the safety which lies at the second position in the Maslows need hierarchy. It is the motivational level and staffs feels secured and cared in the organisation which gives the positive feel and job security. The compensation policy has been designed which gives the security that in case if the employee suffers with some of the odds at the time of or during the course of the employment they could be given the medical help and safety measures should be demonstrated to the employees so that prior guidelines could help the employee to take the safety measures while working and use the necessary protections and kit accordingly (Marchington, Wilkinson, Donnelly Kynighou, 2016). Also the safety terms and conditions are legally bounded by the government on the organisation so they are abide by it, in case if any discrepancies in context of the safety issues arises there are chances that the particular organisation might get penalised. The organisation should imp art training in context of safety and timely safety sessions need to be organised to aware the employees about the uncertain situation which could arise at any point of time (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The employees must have the knowledge in terms of using the fire extinguishers and how to handle electricity damage carrying the safety tools. To provide security in the organisation there is need of discipline, basically all the factors are related to each other, if discipline is there the employee will clearly understand and question up on the security system and will strictly abide by it. All those employees who take the safety measures lightly and do not follow the same then penalty need to be imposed because on them by the organisation and government could make the rules and decide the penalty and make the staff learn about these safety treatments but the implementation has to be done by the employee only and if they fail to perform the same they must be punished so that organisation trust is gained and the employees get aware and understand the strictness of following the safety measures (Parent, 2015). Conclusion Conclusively, it can be stated that following the above-mentioned steps will allow the organization to maintain a good image of the organization. In the case study, the productivity and organization was suffering due to several issues. It includes issues related to discipline and favouritism. The leader of the organization should take several changes so that a proper working environment can be created in the organization. If the organization is successful in creating a peaceful and supportive environment, the employee engages themselves so that they can work comfortably with the required efficiency. Also when good environment is created, it encourages fair treatment. This resolves the problem of favouritism and initiates the unbiased working situation where the staff support is also gained. It will create healthy competition which is beneficial for the organisation along with the employee themselves. The compensation policy should also be designed so that it gives security in case em ployee suffers with some of the odds at the time or during the course of the employment. They should be given the medical help and safety measures should be demonstrated to the employees so that prior guidelines could help the employee to take the safety measures while working and use the necessary protections and kit accordingly However, it is important to evaluate whether the afore-mentioned strategies are effective in improving the management style and changing the organization culture of the organisation. The best method to evaluate the change process is through key performance indicators (KPI)s. The key performance indicator will analyse the extent of discipline achieved through implementation of policies. Discipline will also increase efficiency of the employees. Discipline will increase work planning Also with the discipline, organisational relations gets rejuvenated and this improvise the working of the employees and increase efficiency of the employees. It will evaluate the changes occurred through implemented policies. Secondly, the organization can also conduct a survey with the junior employees regarding the changes occurred through the organization. References Aras, G. and Crowther, D., 2016.The durable corporation: Strategies for sustainable development. CRC Press. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Arneson, S. 2008, Lead from the Middle: Influence up, down and across, Leadership Excellence, vol. 25, no. 3, p.19. Beto, D. Corbett, R. 2007, The demand for ethical leadership in law enforcement, Law Enforcement Executive Forum, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.141149. Biermann, F., 2017.A world environment organization: Solution or threat for effective international environmental governance?. Routledge. Bryman, A. ed., 2013.Leadership and organizations. Routledge. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z., 2010.The five practices of exemplary leadership(Vol. 237). John Wiley Sons. Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z., 2009. The five practices of exemplary leadership.The Jossey-Bass Reader on Educational Leadership, p.63. Lynch, R. Lynch, S. 2005, Personal characteristics in The Police Manager, 6 th edn, pp.326328, Matthew Bender Company, Inc., USA. Magers, J. 2004, Ethical practice for police leaders: Critical issues for organizational integrity, Law Enforcement Executive Forum, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.5570. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Meese, E. Ortmeier, P. 2010, The importance of ethical leadership in Leadership, Ethics, and Policing: Challenges for the 21st Century, pp.19-39, 2 nd edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Naylor, J.C., Pritchard, R.D. and Ilgen, D.R., 2013.A theory of behavior in organizations. Academic Press. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Ortmeier, P.J. and Meese, E., 2010.Leadership, ethics, and policing: Challenges for the 21st century. Prentice Hall. Owoyemi, O. and Ekwoaba, J.O., 2014. Organisational Culture: A Tool for Management to Control, Motivate and Enhance Employees Performance. Parent, D.J., 2015. HR Infrastructure Safety Performance: Considerations for Small Companies.Professional Safety,60(8), p.48. Richey, R.C. and Klein, J.D., 2014.Design and development research: Methods, strategies, and issues. Routledge. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Smither, R., Houston, J. and McIntire, S., 2016.Organization development: Strategies for changing environments. Routledge.

The Causes of Stress in the Contemporary Society

Introduction Stress affects various aspects of life, the current generation experiences stress in various fields which include; at home, within learning institutions, employment offices and every social gathering places. Everyone within the society undergoes stress, is has become common experience to people’s daily lives. Those at the various fields of sport, those driving heavy vehicles and doing types of work that involves heavy use of physical and mental energy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Causes of Stress in the Contemporary Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All these people live under constant mental torture and stress. One unique characteristic of these people is that they are capable of handling the situations they find themselves under, because of their capability to identify causal mechanisms. The paper determines the causes of stress in the contemporary society. All the factor s leading to certain stresses fully depend on certain conditions and environmental factors. Theories of motivation and how they are used to motivate employees Motivation contributes towards productivity and level of activeness of employees. It also contributes towards keenness and gives an individual sense of moral value and dignity. Without motivation, there is loss of morale in performing certain duties and also sense of belonging. Capability with which an individual perform duties depends on the knowledge he has and the level of training he/she has received. Motivation works so quickly depending on the recipient. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start â€Å"There exists is a gap between an individuals actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. It is inducing others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. Naturally, these goals and also the motivation system must conform to the corporate policy of the organization. The motivation system must be tailored to the situation and to the organization† (Edwards et al, 1998, pp 28). Different views have emerged on the principles of motivating employees at work. There are some commonly known theories that have been used for quite some time (French, Caplan and Harrison, 1982). Fredrick Taylor Taylor argued that workers could only be motivated through payment. The theory of scientific management he argued addressed some crucial issues concerning workers. He argued that employees do not naturally enjoy work therefore calling for close supervision for perfect work to be done.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This calls for managers at various capacities to develop process breakdown that entails different tasks performed. He furt her argued that despite all these employees should be equipped through appropriate training methods and equipments that enable them to perform their duties effectively. Payment should be made based on the level of performance and time taken to complete a task. This means that all workers get motivated to maximize on their potential. This theory presented organizations with the aspect of realizing high productivity level at lower costs. It helped in the area of delegating duties within an organization. Mayo These theorists believed that employees other than money, employees could be motivated by taking care of their social needs at the work place. This theory called for all managers to consider workers as fellow human beings. The management team should have that heart of focusing on workers deep interests and be ready to understand, recognize their general contributions. Mayo believed that employees could better be motivated through various means such as good communication links, gre ater manager involvement and working as a team† (Edwards et al, 1998, pp 28-67). Maslow Maslow categorized employee needs into five levels, according to him these levels must always receive maximum satisfaction for efficiency to be realised in the work place. The theory argues that unless one need is fully met, it presents some difficulty for the employee to be motivated towards next level. This call for organizations to offer some kinds of incentives to individuals that enables them fulfils their needs. However, workers are motivated at different levels leading to differences in pace of movement up the hierarchy. This means that different set of incentives could be offered depending on the nature of the employees. Maslow argued that the highest state of human level is characterized by several human virtues which include integrity of character. â€Å"His prescription for human salvation is simple, but not easy: ‘Hard work and total commitment to doing well the job that fate or personal destiny calls you to do or any important job that â€Å"calls for† doing† (Edwards et al, 1998, pp 28-67).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Causes of Stress in the Contemporary Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Herzberg Herzberg theory argued that besides every strategy any business lays, there were always certain factors that when applied could lead motivation of employees. Consequently, there were other factors that could lead to employee de-motivation leading to laziness. He argued that democratic management approach could lead to employee motivation within any business organization. The managers could adopt some several methods which include expansion of jobs, employee empowerment through work delegation and presenting employees with opportunities to perform challenging but interesting tasks that guarantees their growth. Effects of previous life experiences, diffe rent management styles, organizational culture, social culture and family Some level of stress is considered normal since it at times provides people with the energy and motivation to cope with life’s challenges both within families and work place. This kind of Stress assists individuals to overcome life’s challenges and meet their life and organization targets. Some view challenges positively, they would not consider it strange and hence receive it with joy. However, frequent stresses have negative impact on an individual’s health. Persistent frustrations reveal negative signs of stress (Cordes and Dougherty, 1993). Detailed analysis of stress at work and the different causes of stress such as environmental factors, economical factors and individual factors Work plays a role in people’s lives and brings about crucial influences on their general health. Salaried employment has contributed much to the people’s day to day livelihood. Employment somet imes become very wonderful experience to individuals and at times presents some level of stress. Stress produced from work, always demand for more energy and time. This means that all employees irrespective of their status are subject to either good or negative aspects of employment. There is a relationship that exists between work, mental and physical health which is an essential part towards career adjustment as well as productivity within organizations (Cohen et al, 1997).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several causes of stress some of which include; threats caused by poor working conditions. The fear of dismissal from the work place, the rate and certainty of change. The level of relationships within the organization also causes stress since it can sometimes lead to junior employees being harassed by their seniors. Stress can also be caused by pressure due to unreasonable deadlines and acquisition of new methods of management or technology. The demands for the employee’s adaptation and acceptance sometimes call for unnecessary conditions. These may further be attributed to compliance with tough proposals from frequent meetings and the means and ways of acting upon performance feedback. Sometimes stress arises from frustrations caused by poor communication links, lack of motivation from the senior employers. Overlooking employees small improvements and often go without recognition. This may also be as a result of poor training received for a particular position. Ho wever, major stress can be caused by emotional losses, fear of some unknown physical danger. Some also through major accidents and loss of employment (Cohen et al, 1986). Look at different organizational structures and see how they may affect stress at the work place. It is important to look at different views that exist on stress The manner in which managers handle stress in their employees’ influences the duration of the employees absence and any arising costs. The salaries given to employees act as substitutes to the level of stress they undergo while. Part of the payment is related to time off work and training services. It is necessary to solve employee related problems to avoid stressful circumstances. Possible agreements and resolutions should be made prior to occurrence of any problem. But most importantly, the effective managers require deep understanding of particular employee activities and link it with the right kind of stressor. This reduces the chances of causin g lots of harm to workers. The nature of attention given to employees by their managers determines how successful problems are resolved (Edwards et al, 1998, pp 28-67). Stressors are responded to by increasing and triggering immediate series of hormonal changes. These changes may either be adaptive, as with increased energy and performance or maladaptive as with increased turnover, increased health-related benefit costs, increased absence, or increased aggression on the part of employees. Stressors weaken the immune systems, life satisfaction and happiness to decrease, the risk of heart disease to increase, and the rate with which cancer develops to increase (Cohen et al, 1986). For these reasons, we need to better understand how organizational choices influence individual stress (Harrison, 1985). Research on the effects and causes of stress within work place was considered since it lead to creation of clear roles and duties. Since that time, many current theories have been offered to guide researchers interested in the relationship between organizational or occupational stressors and resulting strains or illnesses, between stressors and coping choices (Lazarus, 1966), the underlying psychological appraisal processes, and the causes of organizational burnout (Harrison, 1985). There is a relationship between organizational stress and a post-stressor outcome or response. This relationship has enabled slow reaction towards stress preventive measures within an organization leading to strengthening of the issue. Look at different variables that will influence an individual’s stress levels. These could be a range of factors from personality differences, perception and social support Stress arises as a result of emotional interference, physical activities, social and economic situations that require rapid responses to change. Some levels of stresses are considered healthy since they enable an individual to discover new things and crucial areas in life. The dan ger lies when stress comes in magnitude too big to handle. Workplace stress can be attributed to the demands between emotional and physical demand within a specific job. This requires some level of control for which when exceeded leads to individual stress. These combinations of high demands can sometimes lead to harmful responses both to the individual and the organization at large. An individual’s personality conflict with other people within social set-up contributes to some percentage of workplace stress sometimes leading to mental illness. There are indeed several causes of stress within the workplace which can cause negative effects within working (French, Rogers and Cobb, 1974). Why it is important to manage the employees stress levels and the possible consequences of having a stressed work force and how it may affect their performance and consequently the performance of the organization It is important to manage employee stress since it helps the management in identif ying and addressing the issue in the workplace. The management helps the employees to come to terms with the reality of facing some unexpected events within the working place. For instance, good number of employees may refuse to accept that they are stressed or fear losing their current positions within the organizations. This leads them to more damage to personal life and even the working environment at large (Driskell and Salas, 1996). Scheduling training in which multiple sessions are involved is necessary. Organizations should regularly schedule training sessions throughout the year, varying time, location, and format. It may be that women would experience lower overall stress if these training sessions were blocked together in a single time frame in a common environment and followed a common structure. High level of stress leads to significant health effects. These are also experienced in jobs done on shifts and those done part-time. The kind of job done determines whether the risk one is exposed to either result in short or long illnesses. Research has revealed that taking some rest from work results in high quality of work done. Those who always perceive their workdays to be stressful take at least frequent one day off within a period of one month. Straining jobs results into poor health conditions which ultimately reduces performance at work place. Majority of the people link active performance with less work and this at times become more insecure in terms of rewards (Chen and Spector, 1991). High motivation and morale at the work place are affected by the use of drugs. Individuals who use these negative means are often prone to low productivity since they tend to take frequent leaves on the basis of health. The constant short leaves are only appropriate for those with jobs demanding psychological alertness. However, certain aspects of work stress diminish with the increase of protective factors. On the other hand, negative coping behaviours increase t he likelihood of taking short-term rests (Edwards et al, 1998, pp 28-67). Ladies are often prone to stress when they are subjected to vigorous working conditions. This is unlike men who are always highly motivated and have got the ability to contain their situations (Geary, 1998). They should be subjected to some light training on how to manage effectively their working hours without being subjected to unnecessary stress. At the same time they should be discouraged from using drugs as means of lowering stress from work place (French, Caplan, and Harrison, 1982). References List Chen, P. Y., Spector, P. E., 1991. Relationships of Work Stressors with Aggression, Withdrawal, Theft and Substance use: An exploratory study. Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology, 65(3), 177-184. Cohen, S., Evans, G. W., Krantz, D. S., Stokols, D., 1986. Behaviour, health, and  Environmental stress. New York: Plenum Press. Cohen, S., Kessler, R. C., Underwood Gordon, L., 1997. Strategies f or Measuring Stress in Studies of Psychiatric and Physical Disorders. In S. Cohen, R. C. Kessler, L. Underwood Gordon (Eds.), Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists (pp. 3-28). New York: Oxford University Press. Cordes, C. L., Dougherty, T. W., 1993. A review and integration of research on job Burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656. Driskell, J. E., Salas, E., 1996. Stress and Human Performance. Mahwaw, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Edwards, J. R., Caplan, R. D., Harrison, R. V., 1998. Person-Environment Fit Theory. n C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of Organizational Stress (pp. 28-67). Oxford: Oxford University Press. French, J. R. P., Caplan, R. D., Harrison, R. V., 1982. The Mechanisms of Job Stress  and Strain. New York: John Wiley Sons. French, J. R. P., Rogers, W., Cobb, S., 1974. A model of person-environment fit. In G. V. Coelho, Hamburgh, J. E. Adams (Eds.), Coping and Adaptation. New York: Basic Books. Geary, D. C., 1998. M ale, Female: The evolution of human sex differences. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Harrison, R. V., 1985. The Person-Environment Fit Model and the Study of Job Stress. In T. A. Beehr R. S. Bhagat (Eds.), Human Stress and Cognition in Organizations. New York: John Wiley Sons. This term paper on The Causes of Stress in the Contemporary Society was written and submitted by user Edgar O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.